Laundry Detergent: Powder, Pour, or Pods?

Cleaning up the environment is a big task, but one place that you can start…

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7 Food Ingredients Your Children Should Never Eat

As parents, it’s our job to make sure our children are being raised in the…

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Guest Opinion: Technology Can Help Reduce Your Carbon Footprint

Global warming is one of the greatest threats to the future of our planet and…

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Intelligent Asian Elephants and Their Ebbing Environments

According to World Wildlife Fund, Asian elephants are the largest land mammals on the Asian continent. They inhabit forests and grasslands in 13 countries across Southeast Asia. While they have preferred foods, the animals have adapted to surviving on resources that vary based on their environments.

There are many types of intelligence in the animal kingdom, and it seems that almost every day, we learn something more about them. Of course, it’s hard to separate what we call “intelligence” from our own, human bias, but we do now know that many animals have beliefs, can count, are able to use tools, and hold funerals and mourn their dead.

Now, a new study has documented the abilities of wild Asian elephants to access food by solving puzzles that unlock storage boxes. It’s the first scientific investigation to show that individual, wild elephants have different skills and levels of enthusiasm for using problem-solving to get food.

Such alacrity in wild animals is going to be needed, because the human impacts leading to reductions in the habitat ranges of several land-based mammal species have been well documented in the recent past. Climate change has only accelerated this decline. Assessing the effects of such changes on wildlife over the long term, however, has been difficult due to the lack of historical records. Recently, though, a new study examining habitats across centuries—using data on Asian elephants—has shed light on the urgent need for sustainable conservation and land-use strategies to avoid dangers for both human and wildlife communities.

More than two-thirds of an Asian elephant’s day may be spent feeding on grasses, tree bark, leaves, roots and small stems. But cultivated crops, such as bananas, rice and sugarcane, are favorites. A new study even shows some elephants accessing food by solving puzzles that unlock storage boxes.

The unparalleled puzzle-solving skills of wild Asian elephants

Individual innovation is considered one sign of intelligence within species, and elephants are among the animals that researchers have long taken an interest in because of their sophisticated approach to problem-solving. That was demonstrated recently in a first-of-its-kind study that shows that individual wild elephants have different gradients of acumen when presented with a food-access challenge. The study’s findings were published in the scientific journal Animal Behaviour in November 2023.

Conducted at the Salakpra Wildlife Sanctuary in Kanchanaburi, Thailand, the six-month-long study used motion-activated cameras to observe 77 wild Asian elephants who approached and then decided whether to attempt to open puzzle boxes with three differently configured compartments that contained highly aromatic jackfruit. Depending on the compartment with which the elephant interacted, the jackfruit could be accessed by pulling on a chain so that the door opened toward the elephant, pushing the door so that it swung open into the box, or sliding the door open to the right. The elephants had to independently engage with the puzzle boxes to discover how the compartments could be opened.

Over time, 44 of the elephants who approached the puzzle boxes inspected them, but there were individual differences in how innovative the elephants were. The researchers found that elephants who interacted with the puzzle boxes more frequently and with greater persistence were more successful in retrieving food from all three differently configured compartments.

The biggest threat to Asian elephants is habitat loss and fragmentation. Asia is the most populous continent on Earth, and development and economic growth have led to encroachment into elephant habitats. World Wildlife Fund says about 70% of Asian elephants now live outside of protected areas.

Overall, 11 elephants solved one compartment type, and eight solved two compartment types. Five elephants solved all three types, making them what we would regard as the most innovative.

With human-elephant conflict increasing due to loss of natural habitats and agricultural encroachment into what is left of them, exploring innovation and problem-solving in elephants could help us further understand wild elephant cognitive flexibility and its potential impact on conservation management and conflict mitigation. This is important knowledge, because how animals think and innovate may influence their ability to survive in environments that are rapidly changing due to our presence.

The drastic decline of wild Asian elephant ecosystems

Not only are Asian elephants’ environments in flux, but they’re also indicators of how land uses have changed over hundreds of years.

Growing human settlements, farming, industry and linear infrastructure (irrigation canals, railway lines and roads) have squeezed elephant populations into smaller pockets of forest and blocked traditional migratory routes. Suitable elephant habitats have been cut by two-thirds in the past 300 years.

The largest living land animal in Asia, endangered Asian elephants once inhabited grasslands and rainforests that spanned the breadth of the continent. But by analyzing land-use data from the years 850 to 2015, an international scientific team led by University of California San Diego researchers estimates that more than 64% of historic suitable elephant habitat across Asia has been lost. While elephant habitats remained relatively stable prior to the 1700s, colonial-era land-use practices in Asia—including agriculture, farming and timber extraction—cut the average elephant habitat patch size more than 80%, from 38,224 to 6,177 square miles.

The study, published in the journal Scientific Reports in April 2023, also suggests that the remaining elephant populations today may not have adequate habitat space. While 100% of the area within 62 miles of the current elephant range was considered suitable habitat in 1700, by 2015 the proportion had declined to less than 50%. This sets up a high potential for conflicts with people living in those locales as elephant populations alter their behavior and adjust to more human-dominated areas.

Using information from the Land-Use Harmonization (LUH) dataset, produced by researchers at the University of Maryland, the researchers created historical reconstructions of various types of land uses—including crops, forests and pastures—that reach back to the ninth century. Pairing present-day locations where elephants are known to live with the corresponding environmental features based on the LUH datasets, they were able to infer where similar habitats existed in the past.

More than 1,158,306 square miles of the Asian elephant’s historic habitat range has been lost in just three centuries. They included lands under traditional systems of management that were altered within the past three centuries, and the loss of these traditional practices may be a major reason behind the loss of elephant habitat. The authors argue that whatever the reasons, this dramatic decline may underlie present-day conflicts between elephants and people.

Important cultural icons in Asia, elephants have had close associations with humans over many centuries. In one Hindu myth, gods and demons churned the oceans in a search for the elixir of life that would make them immortal. As they did so, nine jewels surfaced, one of which was the elephant.

The scientists chose Asian elephant environments for their study because they are a good gauge for looking at the impact of land-use changes on diverse ecosystems over a long timescale. But beyond the immediate impact on the elephants, the results offer a mechanism to assess land-use practices and much-needed conservation strategies for all the area’s inhabitants as we head into the future. They add that any attempts at Asian elephant habitat restoration should be guided by a reckoning of environmental and social justice for historically marginalized communities.

The compelling communications of wild Asian elephants

Elephants communicate over long distances using low-pitched sounds that are barely audible to humans. These powerful, infrasonic rumbles contain specific messages that can be heard and understood by other elephants more than two miles away. In fact, it’s been found that African elephants can detect rumbling in the ground with sensory cells in their feet. The vibrations travel through their bodies to their inner ears. It’s speculated that elephants use these vibrations to converse with each other over even longer distances. Scientists believe such abilities are essential for elephant survival.

I think it’s also imperative that we “hear” the elephants, that we use our intelligence to comprehend their call for adequate living space, and that we recognize the earthshaking truths that are rumbling right under our feet.

Here’s to finding your true places and natural habitats,

Candy

See Asian elephants in the wild on Nat Hab’s Grand India Wildlife Adventure! 

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We Earthlings: Time to Weatherize

The seasons are changing, and with them the weather. Heating and cooling account for nearly…

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Earth911 Podcast: Author Nadina Galle on The Nature of Our Cities

More than half the world’s population—4.4 billion people—live in cities today. That number is expected…

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Roaring Back: Triumphs and Challenges in Tiger Conservation

Roaring back may be an overstatement, but the number of tigers living in the wild is on the rise, and that is cause for optimism.

The largest of all the big cats, nine tiger subspecies once roamed throughout central, eastern and southern Asia. In the past one hundred years, tigers have lost around 94% of their historical range and now live in scattered populations in 13 countries, from India to Southeast Asia, in Sumatra, China and the Russian Far East. Caspian, Javan and Bali Tigers are extinct; of the remaining six subspecies, the South China Tiger has not been observed for many years.

Feline Factcheck: Current State of Tiger Conservation

Tigers are currently listed as endangered on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List. In 2010, the wild tiger population was at an all-time low of about 3,200 individuals worldwide. However, by 2022, the population estimate from the Global Tiger Forum was about 5,574 wild tigers—a 74% increase driven by a multilateral conservation agreement by tiger range countries and partners like WWF.

This is a stark contrast to the 100,000 tigers that roamed the Earth at the start of the 20th century. The drastic decline in tiger numbers is primarily due to habitat loss, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict.

Recovery has been remarkably uneven, with South Asia accounting for the vast majority of the increase. That’s especially impressive given that it is one of the most densely populated regions in the world.

India, Nepal, and Bhutan have seen significant successes in stabilizing and even increasing their tiger populations through rigorous conservation efforts. These efforts include anti-poaching patrols, habitat restoration, and the establishment of protected areas and wildlife corridors.

Photographed by Nat Hab Expedition Leader © Surya Ramachandran

Community-led Tiger Conservation

In its 2022 Living with Tigers: How to Manage Coexistence for the Benefit of Tigers and People report, WWF emphasizes the importance of involving local communities in conservation efforts. It’s a complex interplay of economic, demographic and environmental factors that shape tiger conservation. Agriculture, transport and urbanization are treacherous for tigers; tigers can be treacherous to people and their livestock and livelihoods.

In 2020 nearly 47 million people lived within the boundaries of the tiger range, and an additional 85 million people within 10km of those landscapes. These human populations are also shown to be on the rise; up 7.5 percent in tiger landscapes since 2015 alone and projected to continue growing into the foreseeable future.

The survival of tigers in the wild depends to a large extent on the degree to which people living in the area will tolerate their presence. In areas where tigers are found, community-based initiatives have proven to be effective, especially when they help to increase the general level of education and economic opportunity. Community initiatives often include education programs about the importance and value of tigers, compensation schemes for livestock losses, and the development of sustainable livelihoods that do not rely on forest resources, including ecotourism or tiger-related conservation travel.

By 2050, three of the top four economies in the world are likely to be countries with tigers. China, India, Indonesia, Vietnam, and Bangladesh’s economies are all projected to continue growing rapidly. The impacts of this growth on tiger conservation are hard to predict; rural depopulation could result in increased tiger habitat.

If conservation and development are sustainable and equitable, there could be opportunities to both expand habitat and fund development that could support local communities, including a focus on wildlife corridors to ensure viable wild tiger populations.

Nepal and India’s Khata Corridor (Khata Forest Conservation Area) is a study in addressing habitat fragmentation and destruction. Expanding and connecting protected areas, including Bardia National Park in Nepal and the Katarniaghat Wildlife Sanctuary in India, ensuring they are effectively managed and working with local communities living in and around tiger habitats, are critical to protecting the species.

In Nepal, increasing numbers of people are adapting by earning conservation-related degrees or working in wildlife and conservation travel. Nepal’s is a tiger success story, with numbers nearly tripling from 121 in 2009 to 355 in 2022.

Tech Tools in Tiger Conservation

2022 was the Year of the Tiger, and an IUCN tiger population assessment offered some hope for the critically endangered species – up 40% from 2015, but much of the reported increase is actually due to improvements in monitoring.

“A fairly significant chunk of that 40% increase is explained by the fact that we’re better at counting them, that many governments in particular have really sort of moved heaven and Earth to do massive scale surveys,” Luke Hunter, executive director of the Wildlife Conservation Society’s (WCS) big cat program, told NPR in a 2022 interview.

• Camera Traps

The use of camera traps equipped with motion sensors has become a common method for capturing images or videos of tigers in their natural habitats1. These devices are strategically placed in tiger habitats, and when an animal passes by, the camera is triggered and captures images or videos. Researchers can identify individual tigers from these based on their unique stripe patterns.

• Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture

Spatially Explicit Capture-Recapture (SECR), a statistical modeling approach, is used to estimate population density more accurately. This approach combines camera trap data with spatial information, considering the spatial distribution of individual tigers within the study area. SECR studies in India demonstrate the effectiveness of the technology in providing more accurate estimates of tiger populations, contributing to better informed conservation efforts.

• Satellite Mapping

Satellite technology is being used to track and map tiger habitats, offering new insights for tiger conservation organizations. Using Google Earth Engine and NASA Earth observations to monitor changes in tiger habitat, scientists aid conservation efforts in near-real time. Data from the VIIRS and MODIS sensors and on Landsat satellites maps “empty forests” near where tigers are known to have lived recently as well as habitat potentially suitable but where tiger residence is unknown. These areas are potential landscapes for tiger restoration and targets for further protection and wildlife corridor development to prevent further fragmentation of tiger populations.

• AI

The use of artificial intelligence (AI) has also been a game-changer in wildlife conservation. For instance, AI-powered cryptic cameras have been used to detect wild tigers and their prey, transmitting images to the cell phones and computers of park managers in real time. This advancement represents a significant step forward in real-time monitoring and conservation efforts for rangers.

These and other new technologies play a significant role in developing tiger conservation strategies, providing critical data that helps conservationists at local, national and international levels make informed decisions about habitat management and wildlife conservation.

Photographed by Nat Hab Expedition Leader © Aditya Panda

Thrilling Tiger Encounters: Tiger Conservation Travel

Conservation travel has emerged as a powerful tool in the fight to save tigers. By creating economic incentives for conservation, ecotourism helps ensure that local communities see the value in protecting these majestic animals.

One of the most remarkable stories of tiger conservation success comes from India, home to approximately 70% of the world’s wild tigers. Today, the country boasts numerous tiger reserves where these big cats thrive.

If witnessing a tiger in its natural habitat is on your bucket list, do we have the trip for you…our most tiger-intensive itinerary is the India Tiger Quest, specially designed to maximize your odds of witnessing Bengal tigers in their natural habitat.

Ranthambore National Park in southeast Rajasthan is India’s premier tiger safari destination. It’s warmer, but that means tigers head out of the dry underbrush to quench their thirst at least twice a day—and that is when we go in search of them!

These trips are strategically timed for early summer when visitors are fewer and tigers less elusive. With just two travelers per open safari vehicle, our presence is understated, and the views unimpeded.

Ranthambore is home to more than its famous tigers, too: it’s a veritable Jungle Book of creatures, with chances to spy sloth bears, caracals, jackals, striped hyenas, desert foxes, mongoose and more.

For photographers seeking coveted tiger shots and plenty more wildlife, Nat Hab’s India Tiger Photo Expedition is designed to facilitate the best, most in-depth opportunities to photograph tigers and other wildlife at an excellent time of year for sightings.

Finally, The Grand India Wildlife Adventure is a more comprehensive India itinerary that offers excellent opportunities to spot Bengal tigers, plus a host of other wildlife, on visits to three different national parks. Two of the parks—Bandhavgarh National Park and Kanha National Park – are home to some of India’s most concentrated tiger populations and are more remote, with fewer tourists than some of the country’s other tiger destinations. The wide-ranging itinerary also includes a visit to Kaziranga National Park for rhinoceros viewing.

Tiger Trials: Challenges in Tiger Conservation

Despite the successes, the road to secure a future for tigers is fraught with challenges. Habitat fragmentation remains a significant threat, as does human-wildlife conflict. WWF’s Living with Tigers report outlines several key strategies that are essential for the continued recovery of tiger populations:

• Strengthening Protected Areas: Ensuring that tiger reserves are adequately protected and managed.
• Expanding Wildlife Habitat Corridors: Connecting fragmented habitats to allow tigers to move freely and safely.
• Enhancing Anti-Poaching Efforts: Increasing the resources and technology available to combat poaching.
• Promoting Sustainable Development: Encouraging practices that reduce human impact on tiger habitats.

Dale Miquelle, WCS Tiger Program Coordinator, has said:

“We recognize that this progress is fragile – we are still losing tigers from many areas while they are increasing in others. Poaching is still a huge issue, trade and demand are huge issues, and habitat loss continues to be a problem. We also know that saving tigers goes a long way to addressing many of the environmental problems of Asia, from buffering the impacts of climate change to reducing the potential for zoonotic outbreaks. Not just the wildlife, but the people of Asia will be better off when we are protecting large blocks of forests, as those habitats provide a host of ecosystem services to the people surrounding them as well.”

The commitment and concerted action of international conservation organizations, national governments, and local communities is crucial in implementing these strategies.

Tiger population recovery shows us that solving complex conservation challenges is possible and within our reach. Many tiger populations appear to be stable or increasing.

“We need to learn from these conservation successes, share them with the public, and increase our investment in evidence-based conservation action,” said Dr. Jon Paul Rodríguez, Chair of the IUCN Species Survival Commission.

Photographed by Nat Hab Expedition Leader © Vedant Thite

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Environmentally Responsible Toddler Pillow Choices

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends all babies be placed on their backs to sleep….

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Plan Ahead To Reduce Food Waste

Nearly 40% of food is wasted from farm to landfill in the U.S. Yet one…

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FortWhyte Alive Fosters Connection with Nature on Arctic Science Day

FortWhyte Alive is a 660-acre reclaimed urban green space situated on a former industrial site. It is a vibrant hub for nature exploration and environmental education in southwest Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. The organization’s rich history of conservation and science education is a testament to its commitment to reconnecting people with the natural world.

This commitment is exemplified through their Arctic Science Day programming—a unique learning experience for grade 7-12 students to increase their understanding of the impacts of climate change in the Arctic and learn about careers in Arctic climate change research from environmental scientists themselves.

© FortWhyte Alive

In 2024, Nat Hab Philanthropy was proud to support FortWhyte Alive and the University of Manitoba Center for Earth Observation Science’s two Arctic Science Day events:

• A virtual Arctic science experience reached over 300 students and their teachers, including a number of participating classrooms in remote Northern Manitoba and
• The 16th Annual Arctic Science Day at FortWhyte Alive.

For the in-person event, nearly 140 students and their teachers learned about Arctic research, including:

• marine mammals
• ocean acidification
• contaminants such as mercury and oil spills
• sediment coring
• Arctic microbiology 
• snow science

Arctic Science Day 2024 © FortWhyte Alive

FortWhyte Alive Arctic Science Day Activities

Arctic Science Day at FortWhyte Alive was brimming with educational adventures designed to immerse students in the study of polar science and environmental stewardship. The event featured a series of interactive activities that brought the Arctic’s unique ecosystems into focus through hands-on learning experiences.

Students had the opportunity to engage in simulated field research akin to that conducted by scientists in the Arctic. They participated in ice core drilling exercises, where they extracted samples from ice blocks and analyzed them to understand the historical climate data stored within them.

Another highlight was the wildlife tracking station, where students learned to identify animal tracks and understand the behaviors of Arctic fauna.

The climate change simulation booth uses augmented reality technology to allow students to witness the effects of global warming on polar ice caps. Traditional Inuit games provided a cultural perspective, teaching students about the indigenous peoples of the Arctic and their survival skills.

Arctic Science Day 2024 © FortWhyte Alive

One teacher reported, “Students have been talking about the impacts of climate change on the animals and Inuit communities ever since we’ve returned to school.”

Arctic Science Day activities were not only educational but also aimed to inspire a sense of wonder and responsibility. Hands-on learning opportunities offered a tangible connection to the science curriculum, making the concepts of climate change and conservation more relatable and impactful for students.

FortWhyte Alive’s Arctic Science Day was a testament to the power of experiential learning in nurturing the next generation of climate scientists and conservationists.

Another teacher shared: “The most valuable parts for my students included meeting scientists, seeing artifacts, participating in learning games and hands-on activities.”

Students said:

“I learned that marine mammals use echolocation and different calls to communicate.”

“I learned about taking sediment cores and the impact of pH on ocean life.”

“I learned that cold water absorbs carbon and warm water releases it. The more carbon in the water, the more acidic it gets. Ocean acidification has an impact on ocean animals.”

Arctic Science Day 2024 © FortWhyte Alive

Arctic Conservation Education

FortWhyte Alive’s educational goals emphasize hands-on learning and fostering a lifelong relationship with nature. After Arctic Science Day 2024, 92% of students stated they had a better understanding of the impact of climate change in the Arctic after the program, and the majority stated that learning about the impact was the most valuable part of the day.

The event’s success will be measured by inspiring future careers in science and environmental studies and encouraging students to consider their role in reducing human impact on our shared environment.

Thirty graduate students, faculty and researchers from the University of Manitoba, along with FortWhyte Alive Education Team staff, supported the program delivery for the day.

© FortWhyte Alive

Meeting graduate students and scientists seemed to have a particularly strong impact on younger students. They reported afterward:

“I learned how people recognize individual sea mammals and how they estimate the size of their populations.”

“I learned that there are lots of jobs you can do that involve Arctic science.”

“There are many technologies involved in studying marine mammals, like drones, planes and satellites.”

“There’s a bunch of jobs and careers related to Arctic science, and it is a very meaningful career for this generation.”

By bringing the mysteries of the Arctic closer to home, FortWhyte Alive not only educates but also inspires action toward preserving these critical habitats for generations to come.

© FortWhyte Alive

Conservation Education & The Future of the Arctic

Arctic Science Day serves as a platform for raising awareness about the importance of polar regions in our global ecosystem, engaging young minds through interactive science-based activities. 

FortWhyte Alive offers other Arctic climate change-themed programs as a part of our offerings of School Programs:

• Due North: The Changing Arctic is targeted at Grade 4-5 students
• Arctic Experience is geared toward Grade 7-9 students

© FortWhyte Alive

During the programs, students learn about the impact of climate change on snow and ice, the Arctic Ocean food chain, and Inuit communities through grade-appropriate, engaging, hands-on activities. Students get to participate in a traditional blanket toss game as a group. We discuss ways that students can reduce greenhouse gas emissions and pollution.

Teacher feedback includes:

• The program increased students’ awareness of actions to reduce pollution.
• The students say that the most fun was the blanket toss—they enjoyed learning about its cultural purpose for the Inuit, as well as enjoying that they were all working together.

In 2024, FortWhyte Alive hosted two schools for Due North programs for a total of 80 students. We hosted three schools for Arctic Experience, with an overall total of 115 students.

© FortWhyte Alive

Visit FortWhyte Alive

Would you like to visit FortWhyte Alive yourself?  The urban reclaimed wildlife preserve, recreation area, and environmental education center in southwest Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, represents 20% of Winnipeg’s urban green space.

Nat Hab travelers on our polar bear adventures have a special opportunity to visit FortWhyte Alive and learn more about their educational initiatives when they opt to spend an Extra Day in Winnipeg.

© Nat Hab Expedition Leader Judy Wilson

Nat Hab Philanthropy is proud to partner with and sponsor FortWhyte Alive’s other conservation and nature-based educational programming, too. Over 100,000 visitors enjoy FortWhyte Alive’s many programs, trails and exhibits annually. FortWhyte offers curriculum-based educational programs in both French and English to around 30,000 K-12 school children each year. The FortWhyte Farms initiative introduces disadvantaged youth to urban agriculture-based, social and vocational skills training.

© FortWhyte Alive

About FortWhyte Alive

In 1888, the area was dubbed Fort Whyte after a top Canadian Pacific Railway official who battled to take control of the site from a rival railway.

Starting in 1907, The Canada Cement Company (now Lafarge) used much of what is now FortWhyte Alive to mine clay and gravel to make cement. By the 1950s, floods and other sources of clay made the Fort Whyte site obsolete.

The Wildlife Foundation of Manitoba saw the industrial site as a potential habitat and started reclamation work.

© FortWhyte Alive

By the 1980s, FortWhyte Alive’s focus shifted from wildlife conservation exclusively to include environmental education, with the establishment of the Fort Whyte Foundation and the opening of trails and an Interpretive Center.

Over the last 30 years, FortWhyte Alive has grown tremendously, adding prairie grassland to forest and wetland habitats and expanding volunteer opportunities, staff and environmental education programs.

Located on the traditional lands of the Anishinaabe, Ininiwak, Anisininewak, Dakota, and Dene peoples, as well as the National Homeland of the Red River Métis, today FortWhyte Alive serves as a prime example of how we can manage urban landscapes for sustainable development.

© FortWhyte Alive

Explore the Arctic Wilderness & WWF Arctic Program

If you are passionate about Arctic science, explore the Arctic wilderness with Nat Hab. Nothing compares to East Greenland for an epic Arctic expedition—and there’s no better way to experience it than from our wilderness Base Camp.

For more on Arctic conservation, WWF maintains a library of Arctic resources and news at WWF Global Arctic Program hub.

Photographed by Nat Hab Expedition Leader © Colby Brokvist

The post FortWhyte Alive Fosters Connection with Nature on Arctic Science Day first appeared on Good Nature Travel Blog.